EDUCATIONAL
ENVIRONMENT AND PATTERNS OF SOCIAL EDUCATION ACTIVITIES
Translated by: Denny Nugraha
From the book “The foundation of islamic education’s
lectures book” by Mr. Asep Setiawan
IAIN Syekh Nurjati Cirebon
1.
Educational
Environment
a. Informal,
Formal, and Nonformal Education
Education was lived
lifelong by individual person. Education takes formally, informally and
nonformally forms in every educational environment. Thus, there are three kinds
of educational environment: environment of informal education, environment of
formal education, and environment of nonformal education.
1) Environment
of Informal Education
Informal education is
education which holds naturally in daily life. Informal education is education
which happens in family, childhood, workplace, activities of ritual religion,
custom-habit, culture society and so on.
a) Informal
education in family
Family is the smallest
social unit that is universal, itmeans it exist wherever in every places. In
narrow meaning, family is the smallest social unit consists of two people
(wife-husband) or more (dad, mom, and children). In wide meaning, family is
social unit that consists of some family
in narrow meaning.
Family has some
functions, they are affection, biologic, protection, economic, education,
religion, recreation etc. According to George Peter Murdock, an antropologist
(Sudardja Adiwikarta, 1988) there are four functions of the family universally:
Ø To
educate or doing education
Ø As
economic unity
Ø Expanding
generation
Ø As
the legallity of intimate relationship between man and woman based on wedding.
Family is educational
environment that has informal characteristic, it means family is established
not as educational regulation or educational institution, yet, in reality in a
family naturally is occured education from parent to children. So the family is
the pioneer of education for children.
The purpose of education
in a family is in order that children are to be mature people, have morality,
and to be good members of society.
The contents of education
in a family usually involve: various basic knowledge/science, behavior, value
and religious rules, value and society/culture rules and certain skills. Thus,
the functions of education in a family are: (1) as the pioneer of education for
children and (2) as the preparation to the line of life in their society.
b) Informal
Education in Society
Informal education in
society can be happened through the culture/custom, friends intercourse, custom
ceremony, work environmental intercourse, games, atrt show, and even through
the usual conversation in daily life. In this context, education is social
inheritance that used to preserve values of society’s culture.
2) Formal
Education (School)
School is social
regulation or institution. Formal education is education’s stripe which
structured and has levels consist of elementary education, middle and high
education (Section 1 point 11 of UU RI No. 20 2003). Formal education is held
in school, school is established intentionally by the society and or the
government in order to organize education. Thus, school is one of social
regulation or institution that has particular duty to organize education. Waini
Rasyidin and M.I. Soelaeman stated:”School is a social unit or social
institution which its specialization duty is to commit educational process”
(Odang Muchtar, 1991).
School has certain
structure supported by various component. School component consists of: 1) the
purpose of education, 2) human, those are teacher, students, principal,
librarian, laboratorium staff, administration staff, cleaning service or
cleaning staff and so on., 3) curriculum, 4) educational media and educational
technology, 5) medium, infrastructure, dan facilitation, also 6) school
management. Yet, there are three main component should exist: students,
teachers and curriculum.
As the institution of
formal education is the unity of activities which organize learning process
done by particular staff with structured and organized ways according to the
order of values and rules that have determined to reach the purpose of
education. School is called wiyh the term humanization. So, the school has
functional two-line relationship with its society, needed and supported by its
society.
From many version of the
educational function in school, it can be stated in the following functions:
1)
Society-culture
transmission function
2)
Socialization
function (choose and teach social roles)
3)
Social integration
function
4)
Expand the
personality of child
5)
Prepare the
children for certain jobs function
6)
Inovation/transform
society and culture
Many sociologist studied
the differences between socialization in the school and in the family. Robert
Dreeben (1968) stated four differences the rules that studied by children in
the family and in the school, those are independence, achievement,
universalism, and specifity.
3) Nonformal
Education
Nonformal education is
education’s stripe in outside of formal education that can be done structurally
and by steps (Section 1 point 11 of UU RI No. 20 2003).
Nonformal education functions
to expand the potentiality of students with stress on mastering knowledge and
functional skill also developing behavior and professional personality. In the correlation
with formal education, nonformal education is organized for members of society
who need educational service that has function as substitute, enumerate, and or
complement of formal education in order to support longlife education.
Nonformal education
involves life skill education, youth education, woman empowerment education,
skill and training work education, also another education which purposed to
develop ability of students.
Unit of nonformal
education consists of course institution, training, study club, society’s
learning activities center, and so on.
2.
Activity
Patterns of social education
As stated by J.W. Getzels
and H.A Thelen, essentially there are two dimension of behavior that interacts
each other and determine individual behavior in their social system, they are:
1) nomothetic dimension and 2) ideographic dimension (A. Morrison and D.
Mclntyre, 1972). Nomothetic dimension involves regulation variable (Institution), role, and social
expectations, yet, ideographic dimension involves individual variable,
personality, and individual need-dispositions. Furthermore, that nomothetic
dimension is correlated with culture variables, those are ethos, mores, and society
values; ideographic dimension is correlated with biologic variables, those
are organism, constitution, and potentialities. Thus, it can describe as the
following diagram:
If
social education activities analized based on its orientation against
dimensions function of behavior as described above, it can be identified there
are three patterns of activity of social education, they are 1) Nomothetic
pattern, 2) Ideographic pattern, and 3) Transactional pattern.
Nomothetic pattern is
mainly used for behavior dimension that has normative chararcteristic rather
than behavior ideographic function. The reverse of nomothetic is ideographic.
Because that education based on social ideographic have understanding as
personalization of roles, that is the effort to help somebody to know and
develop about what he/she wants to know or what he/she wants to expand. This is
caused psychologism or developmentalism in education.
Activity of social
education of transactional pattern mainly gives priority to functioned behavior
dimension of nomothetic and behavior dimension of ideographic. The
characteristic of this pattern are: a) everyone know purposes of system and
those purposes are parts of personal need, b) everyone believe that social
expectations which involve to theirselves is rational if those expectation can
be reached, c) everyone feel that they is included to a group with the same
emotional condition.
3. Behavior pattern
of teacher against students and its implications against function and type of
teacher
David
Hargreaves (Sudardja Adiwikarta, 1988) stated that there are three possibility
of behavior pattern of teachers against their students and its implications to
the function and types/category of teacher.
First
pattern: Teacher assumes that his/her students are not mastering culture yet,
but education is meant as enculturation. The implication is the task and the
function of teacher is to guide students learning some stuffs which choosen by
the teacher with consideration that it is the best for them.
The type of teacher in
this pattern called “lion tamer”.
Second
pattern: Teacher assumes that his/her students have motivation to study which
should facing new teaching materials for them, difficult enough and less
interesting. The implication is the teacher’s task is making the teaching
become attractive, interesting and easy for his/her students. Type of the
teacher in this pattern is categorized as “entertainer”.
The
third pattern: Teacher assumes that his/her students have motivation to study,
added with hopes that students must be able to find by themselves learning
materials, and must be able to balance and role in dynamic society life, even
with the speed that increase. The implication is the teacher must give freedom
which wide enough to the students. Individually or in small group, teacher and
students together arrange curriculer programs. The relationship between teacher
and students in trust essential condition, and the line of learning-teaching is
an expanding ability and study willingness in students. The type of teacher in
this pattern is categorized as “romantic teacher” by Hargreaves.
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